There are a number of personal violence offences that an individual can be charged with where the victim is a police officer. These are contained in section 60 of the Crimes Act 1900 (NSW).
What Constitutes As ‘Assault Of Police’?
Section 60 provides many instances that constitute an assault on police, these include:
Under section 60 (1), a person who assaults, throws a missile at, harasses or intimidates a police officer while in the execution of the police officers duty will be liable to 5 years imprisonment.
Under section 60 (1A) if an assault under section 60 (1) occurs during a public disorder then the person will be liable to 7 years imprisonment.
Under section 60 (2), a person who assaults, throws a missile at, harasses or intimidates a police officer while in the execution of the police officers duty and the assault occasions actual bodily harm will be liable to 7 years imprisonment.
Under section 60 (2A) if the assault under section 60 (2) occurs during a public disorder then the person will be liable to 9 years imprisonment.
Under section 60 (3), a person by any means wounds or causes grievous bodily harm to a police officer whilst in the execution of the officers duty and is reckless as to causing actual bodily harm to that officer or any other person will be liable to 12 years imprisonment.
Under section 60 (3A) if a person commits an offence under section 60 (3) during a public disorder they will be liable to 14 years imprisonment.
Execution Of Duties
Under section 60(4), an action is taken to be carried out in relation to a police officer while in the execution of the officer’s duty, even though the police officer is not on duty at the time, if it is carried out:
- As a consequence of, or in retaliation for, actions undertaken by that police officer in the execution of the officer’s duty, or
- Because the officer is a police officer.
What Must The Police Prove?
For you to be found guilty of an offence under section 60 the prosecution must prove that:
- You assaulted, threw a missile at harassed or intimidated someone,
- That person was a police officer, and
- That officer was in the execution of their duty at the time of the assault.
For section 60(2) and 60(2A) the assault must occasion actual bodily harm.
For section 60(3) the prosecution must prove that the assault caused wounding or grievous bodily harm.
For section 60(1A), 60(2A) and 60(3A) the assault must occur during a public disorder.
Possible Defences For Assault Of Police
It is always a defence where you believe that an essential element of an offence cannot be proved by the prosecution some specific defences to this type of offence include:
Self-Defence
In most matters involving a personal violence offence, self-defence is an available defence. Self-defence is a complete defence, meaning if it is made out you will be found not guilty. Self-defence is set out in section 418 of the Crimes Act 1900 (NSW).
When a person charged with a personal violence offence claims self-defence the Court has to ask itself two questions:
- Did you have a reasonable fear of an imminent attack?
- Was your response reasonable to the threat as you perceived it?
The first question is a basic one. Did you as the defendant, reasonably fear or apprehend that you would be physically attacked?
Where an assault is already taking place against you, this question will always be answered in the affirmative. The question also considers situations where an attack hasn’t taken place yet but you fear that one is imminent. In other words, a preemptive strike is capable of being an act of self-defence.
The question is always asked from view of you as the defendant. The question is if YOU believed that you were at risk of being physically attacked. This means all that needs to be shown to the court is that you, as the defendant, held this fear. It is not viewed from the lens of an outside person assessing the situation.
The second question is a touch more complex.
For the second question to be answered in the affirmative it must be shown that your response was a reasonable one for what you perceived the threat to be. This question is not wholly answered from you, the defendant’s point of view. The question is asked to a hypothetical third person and if that person would have responded in the same, or similar matter to how you responded. It is important to understand that this hypothetical third person is responding to the same threat that was perceived by you. This means that if you perceived that your life was in danger, your response will be measured against that threat.
If the Court finds that the answer to these two questions is yes, then you will be found not guilty.
Duress
It is a defence if the offending conduct was done under duress. Duress is where an offender is placed in a situation where they have no choice other than to commit an offence due to serious threats to either them or their family.
The defence of duress involves 3 critical elements. A person will not be held criminally responsible for an offence if the offence was committed:
- Because of threats of death or really serious injury to him or herself or to their family, and
- Those threats being of such a nature that a person:
- Of ordinary firmness and strength of will
- Of the same maturity and sex of the accused, and
- In the accused’s position,
- Would have given in to the threats and committed the offence
Element 1:
When looking at the first element, the question is whether a threat was made, and if so, what led the accused to believe the threat would be carried out. These threats may be made expressly or impliedly. It does not matter if there is no real threat to the person or family. What matters is whether the person held a genuine belief that there is an imminent threat of death or serious injury to his or her self or family if he or she did not do what was demanded of them.
Element 2:
The second element is an assessment of the circumstances surrounding the threats. When considering this element the Court will have regard to, among others, the nature of the threat, the person making the threat, the accused’s knowledge of the person making the threat and all circumstances which may affect a reasonable person’s reaction to the threats.
Essentially the test for this second element is if you place an ordinary and reasonable person of the same maturity and sex of the accused in the exact same set of circumstances posed to the accused, would that reasonable person succumb to those threats and commit the offence.
Element 3:
When assessing the third element, the question is whether there are any other alternatives other than committing the offence. A person will not be able to raise the defence of duress even if they held a reasonable belief that the threats would be carried out if he or she could have avoided the threats by alternative means other than committing the offence.
If the prosecution disproves any of the three elements listed above then that the defence will not be made out. If they are unable to disprove any of the elements then offender should be found not guilty.
Penalties For Assault Of Police In NSW
The Court’s take the offence of assaulting a police officer in the course of their duty very seriously as reflecting in the maximum penalties of each offence. The court has a wide range of sentencing options open to them however, for offenders against section 60 (1), 60(1A), 60(2) and 60 (2A) the most common penalty the court will impose is a good behaviour order in the style of a Conditional Release Order.
For the more serious offences against section 60 (3) and 60 (3A) the court most commonly will impose a term of imprisonment. However, they still have the range of sentencing option available to them
The Court may impose any of the following conditions:
Conditional Release Order
Conditional Release Orders (CRO) are often used to deal with first time offenders and less serious offences where the offender is unlikely to present a risk to the community.
A CRO is an order of the Court that you are to be of good behaviour (not commit any other offences) for a specific period of time.
CRO’s can include conditions, such as, drug and alcohol abstention, requirements to attend programs, non-association requirements or place restrictions where appropriate. CRO’s can also have a supervision condition. Courts have discretion to not impose a conviction on a CRO, if they consider it appropriate. CRO’s can be for a maximum period of 2 years.
The CRO acts as a warning and provides the option to divert less serious offenders out of the criminal justice system, freeing up resources to deal with the offenders who cause the greatest concern to the community. If an offender commits any further offences while on a CRO, subsequent penalties may be more severe.
Community Correction Order
Community Correction Orders (CCO) are used to punish offenders for offences that do not warrant imprisonment or an Intensive Corrections Order, but are too serious to be dealt with by a fine or lower level penalty.
CCO’s are a flexible sentence that the court can tailor to reflect the nature of the offender and the offence. The court can select from the range of conditions, such as supervision by community correction officers, community service work (up to 500 hours) and curfews, to hold offenders to account and reduce their risk of reoffending. CCOs can be imposed for a period of up to three years.
Intensive Correction Order
An intensive correction order (ICO) is a custodial sentence that the court decides can be served in the community. Community safety is the Court’s paramount consideration when making this decision. ICO’s can be for a maximum of 2 years for single offences and up to 3 years where there are multiple offences.
Supervision is a mandatory condition of an ICO. Further the Court’s must impose at least one additional condition. Conditions that can be included in an ICO are: home detention, electronic monitoring, curfews, community service work (up to 750 hours), alcohol/drug bans, place restrictions, or non-association requirements. Offenders may also be required to participate in programs that target the causes of their behaviour.
The ICO is the most serious sentence that an offender can serve in the community. ICO’s are not be available for offenders who have been convicted of murder, manslaughter, sexual assault, any sexual offence against a child, offences involving discharge of a firearm, terrorism offences, breaches of serious crime prevention orders, or breaches of public safety orders.
A person convicted of a domestic violence offence can only be sentenced to an ICO if the court is satisfied that the victim or likely co-residents can be adequately protected. For example, a domestic violence offender is not eligible for an ICO with a home detention condition if they are intending to reside with the victim.
Full Time Imprisonment
Full time imprisonment is the most serious penalty a Court can impose. The sentence involves a period of time that will be spent inside a NSW correctional centre. When imposing a full time custodial sentence in most circumstances the Court will apply a non-parole period, this is the minimum time that must be spent in a correctional centre. After the expiration of the non-parole period you will be eligible for release with the remainder of the sentence to be spent in the community on parole.
Book A Free Consultation For An Assault Of Police Charge
Matters involving an assault on police are complex and taken seriously both by the Court’s and the police. Our lawyers at First Offence Legal have represented clients in all types of these matters and received some fantastic results in defending these charges and on sentence.
If you, or anyone you know, has been charged with an offence of assaulting a police officer, you should contact First Offence Legal and book your free no obligation consultation. Remember you can always make First Offence Legal your first defence.